O KA LUNAHOO KA NUI O KE KULANAKAUHALE
-《Ka Poino, Ka Poino》Na Victor Hugo
ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana he hana hana kahi e ninini pinepine ʻia ai kahi mea wai i loko o kahi ʻōpala, kahi i loaʻa i kahi lua puka o ke ʻano i makemake ʻia, a laila ʻae ʻia e paʻa. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻāpana paʻa i ka hoʻolei ʻana, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a ʻoki ʻia paha i waho o ka mold e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana. Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe metala e hana i nā mea hana, nā mea kaua, a me nā mea hoʻomana. Hiki ke huli ʻia ka mōʻaukala hoʻolele metala a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Hema Hema (Kina, India, Pakistan, etc.) me kahi kaʻina hana 7,000 makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana he rana keleawe mai ka makahiki 3200 BC.
1300BC, ʻO ka Simuwu Rectangle Cauldron ma Kina me ke kaumaha 875kgs e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana hoʻolei ʻana a me ka hana akamai. Hōʻike ia i ka lanakila kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mōʻī Shang (1600-1046 BC).
800BC, ʻo Jade ka hao pahi kaua ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia ma Kina, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona o ke komo ʻana o Kina i ka Iron Age.
Ma kahi o 1400, ʻo nā pū a me nā pōkā ka mea hao mua loa ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ka ʻenehana hana no nā barela e pili ana i ka loam forming ma o nā templates, i kūkulu ʻia no ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke keleawe i ka Middle Ages. Ma hope o ka loam forming ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana no ka hana ʻana i nā pōkā, ua puka mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palaka mau i hana ʻia me ka hao.
Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 15, ua hana ʻia nā mea e like me nā paipu wai a me nā bele mai ka hao. ʻO nā paipu wai hao hao kahiko loa mai ke kenekulia 17 a ua hoʻokomo ʻia e puʻunaue i ka wai ma nā māla o ka Chateau de Versailles 1664. ʻO kēia mau mea he 35 km o ka paipu, ʻo 1 m ka lōʻihi me nā hui flanged. ʻO ka makahiki kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau paipu, he waiwai nui ka mōʻaukala.
Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana paipu hao hao o Kina i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990, me ke kākoʻo ikaika o ka China Urban Water Supply Association i ulu wikiwiki.
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, kaulana ʻo Kina ma ke ʻano he hale hana honua i kēia lā, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i hana ʻia ma Kina.
I kēia mau lā, ʻo Kina ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua. Ua hōʻea ka hopena o nā castings ma mua o 35.3 miliona tons ma 2019, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no nā makahiki he nui a ʻoi aku ka mua ma ka honua. Ua hiki i ka 2.233 miliona tons ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku o Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻo nā mākeke kūʻai nui ʻo ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika, Iapana a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola kanaka.
